Patayon parental preference

The objective is to determine the proper combination of a limited number of attributes which influences consumer's mind the most and affects the buying behavior. Conjoint Analysis is done by showing the respondents a controlled set of potential products and analyze how the consumers made their preferences or how they rank the different attributes and then marketing researchers may be able to determine the values of each attributes. The values can be used by the company to develop new products, Improve old ones and generate revenue.In his study, he stated that Filipino Passenger car owners consider attributes when deciding upon a passenger car. According to him, Flossing put more importance on price than on any other attribute. In his journal, Doctor Marvin Cruz considered interaction effect as a predictive technique in marketing research. An interaction effect is a respondent's choice between two or more attributes in which interactions influence respondent's choices. In his Journal, he discussed about two automobile passenger car namely: Toyota 1. 3- liter Bios and Honda 1 . 3-liter City. He cited that some consumer s may prefer to buy Toyota 1 . -liter Bios for no more than PH 539,000. 00 but some respondents may prefer to buy the Honda 1 . -liter City at a higher price than PHI,OHO. O because they view It as a more prestigious car than Toyota. The choices according to Doctor Cruz, Is Influenced by Interaction between two attributes namely price and brand. Not all attributes were considered In his study because of technical restrictions In the statistical methods used. Therefore, the study chose to determine qualitatively the attributes that may be considered important by the consumers. Data were collected from a sample of 300 randomly selected respondents.The first 100 respondents were college students (18-24 y/o) from Atone De Dave University, UP Mindanao, University of Mindanao, Holy Cross of Dave College and Berkshire College. The next 100 respondents con sisted of junior professionals (25-39 y/o) while the last remaining 100 respondents were senior professionals (40-64 y/o). In his Findings, Doctor Cruz concluded that all six attributes namely brand, price, style, feature and financing scheme contribute to the total worth or utility assigned by the mall groups of respondents. He also concluded that price significantly affects the total worth of the passenger car.The total worth or utility of either brand (Toyota/ and) decreases as price increases. The 3 main segments ( college students. Junior 1. 3- liter Bios and Honda 1 . 3-liter City. And Lastly, that Toyota is the more preferred brand of both senior professionals and Junior professionals. On the other hand, Honda is the more preferred brand of the college students. Additional findings: There are six consumer segments that prefer Toyota than Honda while there are only three consumer segments that prefer Honda. In terms of size Toyota is preferred by around 63% of all respondents while Honda is preferred by 37% of all respondents.In terms of sex, grouping and age, Toyota is more preferred by male college students from the University of Mindanao who are about 20 y/o, male Junior professionals around 32 y/o , male senior professionals who are about 45 y/o, male senior professionals around 46 y/o and female Junior professionals who are about 31 y/o. On the other hand Honda, is more preferred by female Junior professionals who are about 31 years old, female college students who are about 20 years old and female senior professionals who are about 43 y/o.Thru the finding and conclusions of the study it is safe to say that consumers vary according to their value, preferences and range of other characteristics (Elli, Kettle and Sahara Moorish 1992). Not only do consumer exhibit differences from each other, but this also illustrates that if a specific marketing decision may suit a consumer it may not work out for the other. Consumer preferences are based mainly on th eir belief about how objects perform on their key attributes. Consumer also choose product attributes base don which would give then the best value and benefit sought.Consumer's preferences may also vary because of their particular experience ND the way they gather and process information. Consumers also consider price as a sacrifice. The Utilities assigned to a passenger car diminishes as price increases. Consumer are price-sensitive buyers which means they are divided by two kinds consumers who are willing to pay for the brand they like and consumer's that will not sacrifice price for the brand they like. Dave Consumers, based on the study, are those consumers who are not willing to pay price premium for a brand they like.Given this findings, good pricing can play a big role in maximizing number of consumers to pay for the brand they like. Honda and Toyota may have to check their pricing strategy to be able to understand the price sensitivity of their consumers and the possible tr ade -offs consumers are willing to make between price and product characteristics. The study also showed that passenger cars may be produced with different features that will suit each market segments (students, Junior professional and senior professionals ).Doctor Crud's recommendation is that using segmenting strategy for a car dealership in Dave City treat the different segments of consumers as different in their preferences for new 1 . -liter car passenger cars. He also cited that each of the brand Toyota and Honda should study further the market segment in which they cannot penetrate well and also monitor possible changes or shifts in the preferences of the penetrated market. First of all, since price is an issue raised in this Journal, I would like to raise the difference between Quality and Value(Price).Quality and Value(Price) are attributes the company. Quality creates value for the product in the eyes of the consumers. Surprisingly, consumers are the ones who defines the v alue of a product as a reference by analyzing the performance of the product relative to its cost. The company now will be the one to ensure the quality of the product that will provide the consumer the performance it is looking for. Quality is important but consumers purchase a product not because it has quality but they will not buy it in the absence of quality.My first concern for this Journal is Doctor Marvin Cruz failed to raise that quality is still an attribute that is very much considered by Filipinos/ Davison especially Private buyers. A great number of consumer in the Dave City market if to from experience, searches the web, asks friends, acquaintances and relatives which brand is more durable and which brand has a higher quality. If quality was included in the survey questionnaires I think results will be different.Another thing to be considered which is a very integral part in choosing a car is the safety, Doctor Cruz failed to address the issue of safety in his Journal, low price without safety of the passengers inside the car is useless. For one, According to the Wall Street Journal, Toyota has an issue of recalling 6. 39 million vehicles from across the globe. Toyota found defects with seat rails, cables connected to air bags, engine starters, steering column brackets and windshield-wiper motors.These defects are directly connected to the safety of the passengers inside the car. In March, Toyota agreed to pay a $1. 2 billion criminal penalty in a settlement with the U. S. Justice Department, after the company acknowledged having misled consumers about safety problems related to unintended acceleration of a number of its vehicles. Problems related to sudden acceleration resulted in the recall of millions of vehicles from 2009 through 2011.However, it was on 2009 that Toyota started recalling its vehicles, noting that this journal is made on 2003 1 . 3-liter passenger cars. On the other hand Honda cars had some share of mishaps in its vehicles, ac cording to Handsomeness. Com, transmission failure and premature brake wear among the top list when it comes to safety concerns. Lastly, in the Journal Doctor Cruz failed to raise the maintenance of both brands. The price may be cheap but you will be surprised at how much you have spent on the car's maintenance.I agree when Doctor Cruz raised the issue that ACH of the brands– Honda and Toyota should have a more thorough study in relation to the market segments in which they are not penetrating well, I think the reason why Honda has a much lower amount of respondents is the fact that Honda lacks marketing research and strategy. Toyota on the other hand has been in partnership with various Banks in providing in house financing for individuals and companies. Also, a reason why Toyota is winning in the market is its parts and accessories are easily accessible to Davison and is cheaper compare to Honda.

Women in Public Space

The founding fathers and every American official during the 1700s illustrated the great extent that men dominated politics. Even with the Declaration of Independence, which proclaimed that â€Å"all men are created equal,† women did not gain voting rights for nearly 150 years after the document was written. Through the 1800s and early 1900s, women gained confidence and established organizations to assert their own rights. They formed effective strikes and suffrage groups that coincided with political events in the 1900s and aided in passing the 19th Amendment in 1920, granting women the vote. The path to suffrage began as early as the 1830s when the mill girls of the Lowell, Massachusetts textile factory, delivered fiery speeches over their poor working conditions, instilling a sense of urgency to gain power. In 1909 New York City women shirtwaist workers began picketing in front of their factories, demanding better working conditions. By this time, newspapers had the technology to illustrate their stories with photographs. Unfortunately, the technology wasn’t advanced enough to capture action moments, so most photos were posted and action moments were drawn. Figure 8. is an illustration that appeared in the New York Evening Journal on November 10, 1909. The photographs caption says, â€Å"Girl Strikers: each of whom has been arrested five times for picketing. † The posed photo is coupled with a drawing showing the action of police arresting the women. When controversy sparked due to the women’s formal dresses and elaborate hats, Clara Lemlich responded, â€Å"We’re all human, all of us girls, and we’re young. We like new hats as well as any other young women. Why shouldn’t we? † The shirtwaist strike sparked dozens of garment industry strikes in other cities, including Rochester, New York. Figure 8. 2 portrays members of Rochester’s branch of Garment Workers Union picketing in the winter of 1912 for a cut in hours. The photograph shows two women holding a sign that says, â€Å"Striking Garment Workers†, while holding mops in there hand. Another woman stands in front of the sign, very well dressed and confident. After overcoming great difficulties and four months of striking, the workers won all of their demands, except union recognition. Figure 8. 1 and 8. 2 are similar because they both show very strong and confident women, fashionably dressed and serious in their demands. Leisure-class suffragists also faced many difficulties with trying to move their demonstrations into public spaces. Trying to gain publicity and support, they used unique techniques, such as, turning up on tugboats and in touring cars, they appeared in department store windows and movie theatres, they had bonfires and dramatic pageants. Figure 8. 3 is a photograph from the 1915 Pennsylvania state campaign, featuring a suffragist speaking before a group of working men at a factory gate. In the photograph she holds a map indicating suffrage victories. The most successful way of gaining publicity and support was with parades. One of the largest and most well-funded suffrage movement parades was in New York City. These parades featured the participation of women of all classes, including men who supported the cause. Figure 8. 4 shows the suffragists marching down Fifth Avenue, New York City in 1913. Both Figure 8. 4 and 8. 5 show parades that drew huge crowds and a lot of publicity supporting their cause. Figure 8. 5 is the Suffrage parade that Alice Paul organized in Washington D. C going down Pennsylvania Avenue in March 1913. The parade drew five thousand women from around the country who marched in groups with banners identifying them by their professions. Unfortunately the parade was disrupted by crowds of drunken men who opposed the suffrage movement. Ironically, the disruption only gained them more publicity, sympathy, and support because of the police’s failure to protect the marchers against the men. The last photo, Figure 8. 6, shows the suffrage militants of the National Woman’s Party picketing in front of the White House during World War I. The college graduates identified themselves with their alma maters, just like the working-class women in Figures 8. 1 and 8. 2 did; in hopes to attract publicity to their case. Their purpose was to embarrass President Wilson by graphically pointing out the hypocrisy of a war fought for democracy while women at home were not enfranchised. The photos that I mentioned are all similar in the fact that they all illustrate strong, brave women fighting for their rights. The only way that they are different was the women themselves; some were working class while others were more privileged. Between the 1800s and 1900s, an accumulation of skills and tactics gave women the confidence needed to lead a countrywide suffrage movement. These movements gained momentum through the 1900s and with the help of publicity and WWI, succeeded in pushing the government to pass the Nineteenth Amendment. Because the country realized the power women could gain by pursuing their rights, other underrepresented groups of Americans took the lead to push for their own freedoms and advancement in society. View as multi-pages

Criminal sanctions, civil remedies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Criminal sanctions, civil remedies - Essay Example Further, the essay will discuss the set of rules that determine the rights, duties and responsibilities under both criminal and civil law, and also the difference in the intentions of these two types of law. The essay will also focus on the nature of gains that the two types of law would seek to secure for the claimants. The essay will be broken down into three parts: Sanctions refers to a penalty that the courts issue on a party either in a criminal or civil proceeding, as a way of punishing a party for committing an act prohibited by the law (An introduction to criminal sanctions, 2015:5). On the other hand, remedies have been defined as the relief offered to the winning litigant in a civil case (An introduction to civil remedies, 2015, 5). Remedies as applied in civil law are actually different from sanctions, owing to the fact that remedies are not usually punitive, while sanctions must have a punitive effect on the party losing the case. Therefore, while the issuance of a sanction in a civil proceeding by the courts is meant to punish the party found to have committed a wrongdoing, the issuance of a remedy is meant to redress the loss that has been suffered, or which is to be suffered by the winning party in a civil case (An introduction to civil remedies, 2015, 5). The legal principles that apply to the criminal cases are very different from the principles that apply to the civil cases. The fundamental difference existing between civil and criminal cases is the notion of punishment. While the criminal principles of the law seek to punish the offender, the civil principles of the law seek to redress the wrong that has been done by one party against another (An introduction to civil remedies, 2015, 5). In this respect, the motives of the criminal law are totally different from those of the civil law, and similarly the gains sought by the criminal law are completely different from those ones

Health Organization Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Health Organization Case Study - Essay Example The company is also nationally recognized for its Alzheimer’s disease and spinal cord research endeavors (Banner Health, 2007). The mission of the facility reads, â€Å"To make a difference in people’s lives through excellent patient care† (Banner Health, 2007). The company has over the years undertaken aggressive strategies aimed at improving service delivery to its patients in the next decade. This paper will assess Banner Health’s readiness in addressing the needs of its citizens in the next decade. Wickramasinghe, Gupta and Sharma (2005) note that Banner is in the process of instituting a major integration of its clinical information system architecture with modern care transformation and care management services. This new architecture being planned is intended to incorporate both internal and external knowledge resources into minute-by-minute procedures used in care deliver. Wickramasinghe, Gupta and Sharma argue that a portion of this architecture ha s already been implemented in certain Banner facilities. The other new facility being put up is planned to be a â€Å"paper-light† hospital which will extensively use electrical medical records together with computerized physician order entries which will incorporate knowledge-based rules, real-time. Banner’s main intention in this case is to embed knowledge within its information technology so as to promote patient safety and quality of healthcare delivery services in a continuous manner (Wickramasinghe, Gupta and Sharma, 2005). From Banner’s mission statement, it is clear that the company’s focus is on improving people’s lives through the provision of quality health care to all citizens. For instance, Wickramasinghe, Gupta and Sharma (2005) note that the company has an organizational structure composed of the Care Management Council whose mandate is to accomplish system-wide accounting, decision-making and leadership tasks in relation to care man agement. The Council creates organizational policies, comes up with priorities for care management activities, and establishes a forum that enables idea sharing and resolution of issues. The council is made up of the director of care management systems, care management team leaders as well as representatives drawn from various departments such as finance, human resource, operation, risk management, and information technology. This team also ensures that Banner’s resources are available and efficiently managed for the purposes of providing quality services to citizens. Wickramasinghe, Gupta and Sharma (2005) note that the organization has knowledgeable leaders who are experts in their respective disciplines. Furthermore, Banner has a more developed human resource department whose mandate is to ensure that the organization has enough qualified nurses to cope with the ever-increasing number of patients seeking the company’s services. Banner Health also has travelling nurs es who offer outpatient services to citizens (Banner Health, 2007). The company projects that this trend will continue in the foreseeable future. This ensures that citizens get quality and professional services. According to Wickramasinghe, Gupta and Sharma (2005), teams within Banner Heath are co-chaired by a physician, and administrative leader. The main purpose for these meetings is generally geared toward discussing

Hague Visby Rules Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Hague Visby Rules - Essay Example Consequently, exporters are bound by the rules. On the other hand, imports will only apply the Rules in the event that the goods came from countries governed by them. Exceptions will be made to parties that expressly agreed to the Rules in their bill of lading. This implies that when a carrier decides to ignore the use of a bill of lading, then he is not bound by the rules. Such a carrier has the mandate to introduce his own terms and conditions. Also, carriers my be exempt from the Rules when they choose to give a receipt instead of a bill of lading and in the event that they are operating between countries that are not bound by the Rules. This gives carriers undue advantage and can be a source of conflict. 2 There are certain limitations on the application of the rules that are not necessarily related to the bill of lading. For instance when the carrier is required to transport live animals, then he is not bound by the rules. Similarly, if the merchandise to be transported comprises of deck cargo, then parties are not obliged to apply the Hague Visby rules. Additionally, if a receipt rather than a contract was awarded, then the rules do not apply. The receipt must be a way bill i.e. it should be non negotiable. It should be noted that the Hague rules can apply to a given situation even when a bill of lading was not issued. ... Similarly, if the merchandise to be transported comprises of deck cargo, then parties are not obliged to apply the Hague Visby rules. Additionally, if a receipt rather than a contract was awarded, then the rules do not apply. The receipt must be a way bill i.e. it should be non negotiable. It should be noted that the Hague rules can apply to a given situation even when a bill of lading was not issued. The underlying need for a bill of lading is to indicate that a contract of carriage was present. Therefore other documents may replace the bill of lading and some of them include advertisements made by the carrier. Also a booking note may be taken as an indication of the contract of carriage alongside other documents that indicate to the shipper that a carrier is in operation. An example of these exemptions was in the case of Pyrene Company vs. Scindia Steam Navigation Company. 3 In this case, there was no bill of lading issued but it had been argued that the bill of lading was intended. It was based on the fact that the contract of carriage had been completed and a bill of lading would be given in the near future. It was held by the Canadian Supreme court that a limitation be paid by the offender given the fact that they contemplated introducing the bill of lading. Howev er, in circumstances where two parties intend on introducing a charter party, then the rules become irrelevant as seen in the case of Canada Steamship Co. vs. Desgagne. 4 The Hague rules apply to goods that have been received in reality. In the event that the goods have not been delivered, then the contract of carriage is invalid i.e. it will not commence. This means that no party can sue for damages for goods that

Australian-Indian Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Australian-Indian Relations - Essay Example n this very arc of instability. As a result, Australia may be out of touch with the majority of issues in Southeast Asia, and because it has intervened but failed to cultivate these island nations toward a lasting peace, may have no bridge into the politics of South Asia or even the wonted East Asia region. From this perspective it may appear that Australia's relations with India and Pakistan are limited to the maximum. For decades, the reality has been just that, as the Cold War and Australia's association with the US have kept it at a distance from India. When India began testing nuclear weapons, it seems that Australia became even more opposed to deepening its relations with India due to India's failure to sign the non-proliferation treaty. However, India's relations with India at the present time due run much deeper than may be expected. For a brief period, the Australian government had agreed to supply India with uranium, which was an excellent deal for India considering Austral ia's vast holdings of uranium. Beyond simply cricket and uranium, the nations also shared a naval presence in the Indian Ocean as well as a shared diplomatic, economic, and political interest in the bulk of the Asian continent that lies to the east of India and to the northwest of Australia? region that neither country had given much attention to in decades past. Today, India's relationship with Australia falls into several areas. The first and foremost is a history of association with the British Empire, which in many ways paved the way for other aspects of the relationship. The English language is spoken in Australia, and probably spoken by even more people in India than the entire population of Australia combined. Furthermore, the two countries are the two largest democracies in the region surrounding East Asia, and particularly China as well as the Indian Ocean. Both have had growing ties with the United States during the years of the Bush administration and the War on Terror, a nd thus share many common military and defense goals? precursor for Australians brief increase of uranium supply for India. India and Australia are also economic partners, as both have strong and quickly developing economies. India, with its especially fast development, relies on Australia for the supply of raw materials, while Australia profits from such a supply and thus finds that its economy is strengthened by trade with India more than it is by other countries in South and Southeast Asia. Finally, India offers a democratic and secure alternative to trading with China, which has been known for nuclear proliferation. India and Australia also share an educational exchange, as many Indians look to Australia for English-speaking institutions of study, while Australians have sought to expand the existence of South Asian studies programs that focus on India. Indeed, the evidence exists to show that the relationship between India and Australia is one of note and great potential. The tw o countries recognize many common interests, and while they do not directly benefit one another's top agendas, they do have a mutually beneficial existence in regards to regional security, trade, immigration, education, and politics. Although these may be many aspects of an overall largely

Technology and HRM Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Technology and HRM - Research Paper Example Completion of this paper is made successful due to immense contribution made by Mr. Smith Zaid who is the HR manager at SEHA. SEHA Hospital is located in Abu Dhabi. Never before in SEHA hospital’s history has any manager or leader tried to implement the tool of HIT to improve the performance of HRM like Mr. Zaid has. It was the interview conducted with Mr. Zaid which helped to clarify how HIT can be used to solve many challenges encountered by HRM department in the healthcare facilities. He first mentioned several issues which were plaguing the reputation of his organization in the past. Then, he went on to explain how he used innovation technology-based solutions to address each of those issues. Following discussion aims to establish how technology and HRM are inextricably linked to each other in the light of knowledge shared by Mr. Zaid, the HR manager at SEHA hospital. Patient care delivery operations form an important part of those services in the healthcare field. Mr. Smith was having a lot of trouble in this particular area prior to depending on technology. As he became interested in new horizons introduced by technology, he came across the idea of HIT. He thought that it would be best to use technology to answer the puzzling questions and improve the quality of patient care delivery operations. Another problem encountered by SEHA was that medical information which used to be delivered to patients often lacked propriety and credibility. The patient records held by HRM often used to be breached which generated the problem of patient trust and privacy. HIT helps to ensure that all medical information is absolutely trustworthy and clear. This requires many imaginative innovations in information-sharing technology, but it also ensures security to patients and takes care of their concerns in an optimally effective manner. Securing patients’ records is a

Marketing Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Marketing Planning - Essay Example Starbucks would essentially adopt a value delivery based distribution strategy that would imply that the company adds value in each of the stages of distribution (Hooley & Graham, 2008, p.6). Starbucks would also try to undertake a vertical backward integration that would help the company reduce the cost leakage and would also enable greater value creation. This would help generate cost advantage that could be passed on to the customers as price discounts. Moreover, a backward integration would also enable the Starbucks to generate greater value in the finished product in the form of better quality standards as it would enable the firm to have greater control over the supply chain increasing its bargaining power to a considerable extent. This would also help the company to create entry barriers for new entrants. In addition to pricing and distribution marketing communications also plays a major role in the success of a product in the market. Starbucks would adopt an integrated market ing communication strategy that would include using multiple channels of communication. Considering the fact that Starbucks has its operation spread around diverse areas of the globe hence a ‘glocalisation’ strategy of thinking globally and acting locally would be followed by the company across its entire line of business. This would imply that the company would essentially take into account the local culture and sentiments of the target market while implementing the marketing communication strategy.... Considering the fact that Starbucks has its operation spread around diverse areas of the globe hence a ‘glocalisation’ strategy of thinking globally and acting locally would be followed by the company across its entire line of business. This would imply that the company would essentially take into account the local culture and sentiments of the target market while implementing the marketing communication strategy (Carey, 2007, p.143). New Product Launch New product development includes a number of steps beginning from idea generation, idea screening, evaluation, prototype launch, final screening and actual launch (Waters, 2006, p.278). A new product to be launched by Starbucks would be a smoothie that would be a blend of coffee and chocolates. The product would come up with fruit flavours that would essentially include local fruits as well as seasonal fruits. The new product would be positioned as a drink with a nutritional value that would also have a good taste and nut ritional value. The product would be targeted at the younger age group of 15-45 years. The company would launch this new product simultaneously across all the markets that are being currently served by the company. In this regard the company would add local tastes and flavours that would help the company easily popularise the product. This would be in line with the ‘glocalisation’ strategy of thinking globally and acting locally (Hamel, 2001, p.100). Starbucks would adopt an effective integrated marketing communication strategy that would essentially use different media sources including the print as well as electronic media. Billboards and hoardings would be also used to promote the new product. In addition attractive initial discount

Miranda Priestly's personality in The Devil Wears Prada Essay - 1

Miranda Priestly's personality in The Devil Wears Prada - Essay Example Similarly, Eysenck also attributed another personality dimension – extraversion, or alternatively introversion, to the question of balance in the brain between excitation and inhibition.(Boeree, 2006). As a result, the introverted person has poor levels of inhibition and may therefore be able to remember in acute and embarrassing detail, every detail of a traumatic or humiliating event. They will have a tendency to adopt particular behavioral patterns to hold off the panic associated with such memories, which will ensure that such behavior is not repeated ever again. This may even develop to the extent of becoming obsessive-compulsive behavior. Priestley’s character demonstrates several obsessive-compulsive behavioral traits that appear to suggest that she is an introverted kind of personality with low levels of inhibition which she tries to compensate for through compulsive behavioral patterns. One of these is her habit of discarding her overcoat prominently on the desk of her assistant and making unreasonable demands which must be instantly satisfied. Priestley’s quest is to attain perfection and success in her job, and she is in a position of constant pressure to maintain those impossibly high standards of perfection. In order to mask her fear of failure, she has developed certain patterns of behavior that manifest as harassment of her assistants, in order to hold off the inner panic and allow herself to feel powerful and omnipotent in her organization. The knowledge that the life of her assistants hinges on her whims and temperamental demands serves to allow Priestley to enjoy the sense of power that holds off her inner panic. While extraverts are able to easily forget and overcome things that overwhelm them, introverts have a highly developed memory and recall everything in acute and painful detail. This serves to explain

Financing New Ventures Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Financing New Ventures - Assignment Example This has paved way for diversification in investment According to (Harrington, 1987) it allows the investor to avoid unsystematic risks such as poor management of the company which will automatically lead to returns not being realized. From this model a linear relationship has been developed to show the relationship between systematic risk and the expected return. As compared to weighted average cost of capital (WACC) this model gives a robust discount rate that can be used for assessing the investment. Using WACC a project can be turned down when its internal rate of return is less that of WACC. This is because WACC is based on the assumption that any investment doesn’t have an effect to financial and business risk. Using CAPM, gives internal rate of return that is higher than the security market line and a return that can minimize or eliminate system risk. CAPM is considered as the best tool to calculate the cost of equity as compared Dividend Growth Model (DGM). This is because it takes into account the systematic risk level of the business relative to stock market. Portfolio effect refers to the addition of other investment into the portfolio with aim of reducing risk. This can be termed as diversification of portfolio such that change in the value of one investment e.g. bond in the portfolio there will be a response to change in the value of other assets in the portfolio. Portfolio effect has the ability to minimize a specific risk attached to an asset in a given portfolio, but this depends or lies on the degree of correlation of assets held in the portfolio (Hirt & Block, 1990). Diversifying portfolio can be achieved in either horizontal or vertical diversification both will help to reduce the risk associated to a given asset, vertical diversification occurs when an investor decides to add different form of assets or securities in his portfolio e.g. cash, corporate bonds, and building. This is advisable since whenever a

How war dehumanizes people Essay Example for Free

How war dehumanizes people Essay During the war people were deprived of their everyday necessities and also their living conditions, They never got the luxury of sleeping in big warm clean beds or even clean clothes therefore changing the way they act and the way look at things such as murder. During the war you go through the trenches and fields watching people die, and even killing people themselves. Everyday people would not be able to just sit there and watch someone as they slowly die. The narrator of this novel, Charles Yale Harrison was enlisted in the war. Charles explained everything that went on during is outings, some of which were pretty harsh and intense I could only imagine some of the things that he probably was not allowed saying. Charles had a few main buddies whom stuck by his side and fought with him. In this novel he tells us the things he saw some of the things he explained were pretty gory, for example he watched people as their flesh tore off and blood gushed everywhere. War definitely dehumanizes people for the most part. Soldiers don’t have as much sympathy for the people who are dying it’s almost as if they really don’t care but being that must be kind of necessary for a soldier because you can’t really sit there and cry over a friend who is dying while your enemies were slowly creeping up on your base. During war you do things you never thought you could ever do in your lifetime such as stabbing someone in the stomach or shooting a man in the face. â€Å"I lunge forward aiming at his stomach. It is a lightning instinctive moment. The thrust jerks my body; something heavy collides with the point of my weapon.† Charles says. I doubt Charles would have ever been able to do this without spending months in war, with the same platoon and even watching them all slowly die.

Look at Me Now Essay Example for Free

Look at Me Now Essay It has been a dream of mine to be able to attend college for many years. I started a family quite early in life making my dream seem as if it would never become a reality. Now here I am some 20+ years later living my dream. I cant say that it was a struggle to get here because i have a very supportive wife who has been pushing me to do this for many years. Up until now I would come up with every excuse in the book why I wasnt able to go back to school. I guess I finally ran out of excuses because here I am taking college classes. We are supposed to talk about some aspect of our life whether it is good or bad. So I went back into my memory to see what I could come up with that would make a good storyline. It was hard to decide which of the many memories I had stored away would produce a memorable story for anyone who reads it. But I decided to write about a situation that proved to be a very scary point in my life. On the morning of June 16, 2011 I had a heart attack. For many years my wife had complained to me that I worked too much. I would ditch family trips and send my daughter and wife alone because I would have to work. I thought that I was too young for something like that to happen to me. Anyway on the morning afore mentioned I woke around 5:00 in the morning (at that time I was ok). My wife and me talked for a little and she said it was too early in the morning and she was going back to sleep. So, we went back to bed. I awoke with a start at around seven to severe chest pains. I didn’t want to alarm my wife so I tried to walk it off. When I realize this wasn’t helping I knew at that point I had to wake my wife up. Upon her being awakened she went into action. She told me I needed to get dressed we were going to the hospital. I again didn’t want to alarm my wife as to how bad the chest pains were that I was having. I told her that I was okay and didn’t think I needed to go to the hospital. Then my left side started to go numb. At this point I was scared and trying not to show it. Please know that my wife wasn’t buying my brave facade at all. So I am going to speed the story up a little. We get to the hospital and I am given several nitro glycerin pills which aren’t working. I stayed in intensive care for three days and then I was moved to a regular room on the heart ward. This proved to be a turning point in my life for me. I have now slowed down the pace at work somewhat. I cherish moments with my family now. I spend a lot of time with them where I had been neglecting them for my job.

Fed Corner Truncated Microstrip Patch Antenna

Fed Corner Truncated Microstrip Patch Antenna Ultra-Wide band communications attracted great interest of researchers as it has become one of the most promising technologies for short range mobile systems, Personal Area Networks (PAN) and high speed indoor data communication applications. FCC mentioned parameters for the complete functioning of UWB antennas and they have to cover the bandwidth specified by FCC to attain adequate performance. UWB has the advantage of high data rates with extremely low interference to other narrow band systems. The ultra short pulses provide extremely good spatial resolution, as the range provided by UWB is enough to seize down the major applications of daily life like in ground penetrating radars, parking radars, biomedical imaging, precision tracking and location finding. Various types of UWB antennas have been proposed and implemented with different feeding techniques, such as transmission line, probe feed, dual feed and coplanar waveguides (CPW). A compact antenna design fed by coplanar waveguide (CPW) is proposed. Overall dimensions of antenna are 28ÃÆ'-24 mm2. The design is fabricated and further analyzed to confirm its proper working in UWB range. The design of antenna is quite flexible as fiddling with the patch of microstrip antenna has been done in order to enhance the bandwidth which is the most valued obsession in the current environment. On the other hand, CPW has many advantages such as low radiation leakage, less dispersion at higher frequency, small mutual coupling between two adjacent lines which is helpful to place circuit elements close together without adding an additional layer of substrate and coplanar capability. Using CPW as feeding structure to excite a patch antenna has become very popular recently. The proposed antenna offers an excellent performance for UWB systems by providing bandwidth ranging up to 15.65GHz. Critical design parameters return loss and radiation patterns are investigated in detail. Proposed antenna provides good impedance matching, stable gain characteristics and consistent radiation patterns over its almost whole frequency band of interest. Chapter 1 Introduction Project Overview IEEE defines antenna as a device for radiating and receiving electromagnetic waves. They are used both as transmitter and receiver. This is era of wireless communication. Antennas are an important means of wireless communications now days. The need of time is compact small size antennas with enhanced bandwidth and gain. Amongst all antenna types microstrip patch antennas are most common. They are light in weight and consume low power. But patch antennas have disadvantage that they have narrow bandwidth. Many techniques are used to enhance bandwidth. Ultrawide band antennas have many applications and for many years they have been used for broadband and spread spectrum features in radar systems. The UWB performances of antennas result from excitation by non-sinusoidal signals with quickly time-varying performances [1]. UWB are low power consumption antennas and are for unlicensed applications. As name suggests, they have broad spectrum. Problem Statement Ultra wideband technology is used in low power, short range and high bandwidth communication. In UWB; through spreading information can be transmitted over a larger bandwidth and spectrum is also shared with the other users at the same time. Federal Communication Commission (FCC) allocated the license free band of 3.1GHz-10.6GHz for use in UWB applications. Since then there is a growing demand of UWB antennas for high data rate applications i.e. wireless personal area network (WPAN). UWB has had a important effect on antenna design. The major challenge in UWB antenna design is to achieve wide impedance bandwidth and stable gain while maintaining high radiation efficiency. Project Objective The purpose of this project is to design, stimulate, analyze and fabricate ultra wide band antenna using co-planer waveguide. Design and analysis of a compact antenna fed by CPW for UWB Applications is proposed Bandwidth of the proposed antenna is 15.65 GHz. Antenna offers an excellent performance for ultra-wide band systems by providing an ultra-wide bandwidth ranging from 3.1 18.75 GHz. Gain of the proposed antenna is 4.91dBi over its almost whole frequency band of interest Small size of antenna makes it suitable for applications which demand miniaturization of antenna structure and input impedance of 50 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦. Methodology We have simulated the designed antenna using Ansoft HFSS. Then the simulated antenna is fabricated and tested on the network analyzer. The simulated and measured results are also explained. Organization of the thesis This report is divided into 6 chapters. Chapter 2 presents the fundamental parameters of antenna. This includes an explanation of various parameters related to antenna performance including radiation intensity ,radiation pattern, power density , gain, directivity and polarization etc. Chapter 3 discusses the Microstrip Patch Antenna and Feeding techniques. Chapter 4 includes Ultra wide band microstrip patch antenna, history of UWB antennas, their features and advantages. Chapter 5 describes antenna design, simulated results, 2D and 3D radiation patterns for different frequencies and fabricated results. Chapter 6 concludes the entire work done throughout the designing of proposed antenna. Conclusion and future work helps to explore enormity of the subject. Chapter 2 Fundamental Parameters of Antenna 2.1 Radiation Pattern The radiation pattern describes the strength of the radiated field in different directions from the antenna, at a constant distance. The radiation pattern is also reception pattern, as it describes the receiving properties of the antenna. It is defined as a mathematical function or a graphical representation of the radiation properties of antenna as a function of space coordinates. In most cases the radiation pattern is determined in far field regions and is defined as a function of the directional coordinates. Radiation properties include power flux density, radiation intensity, field strength, directivity phase or polarization [2]. The radiation pattern is three-dimensional, but measured patterns are usually two dimensional in vertical or horizontal plane view. These measured patterns are presented in either rectangular or polar format. Following figure shows radiation pattern of an antenna in polar plane and Cartesian coordinate systems. http://www.cisco.com/en/US/prod/collateral/wireless/ps7183/ps469/images/0900aecd806a1a3e_null_null_null_08_07_07-03.jpg Figure-2.1: Radiation Pattern of an antenna in Cartesian and polar coordinates Radiation patterns are further categorized as relative and absolute radiation patterns. Absolute radiation patterns have absolute units of power or field strength. Relative radiation patterns are presented in relative units of power or field strength. The radiation measurement patterns are mostly relative to isotropic antennas, absolute gain of the antenna is established by antenna gain transfer method. The radiation pattern varies with the distance i.e. the patterns in near filed and far filed are different. The field pattern that exists close to the antenna is known as near filed, and far-field refers to the field pattern that exists at large distances. The far-field is called radiation field. Radiation field and power are what is commonly of interest, so antenna patterns are generally measured in the far-field region. For antenna pattern measurement the distance should be chose large enough not to be in near-field or in far field. The minimum allowed distance depends on the dimensions of the antenna relative to the wavelength. The formula for this distance is: rmin = 2d2/ÃŽÂ » (2.1) Where, rmin is the minimum distance from the antenna d is the largest dimension of the antenna ÃŽÂ » is the wavelength. 2.1.1 Radiation Pattern Lobes Radiation lobes are defines as portion of radiation pattern bounded by regions of relatively weak radiation intensity [3]. These lobes are categorized as follow Major Lobes Minor Lobes Side Lobes Back Lobes 2.1.2 Major Lobe A major lobe is defined as the radiation lobe containing the direction of maximum radiation [2]. Normally an antenna has one major lobe. 2.1.3 Minor Lobe Any lobe except major lobe is called minor lobe. It usually represents the radiation pattern which is not desirable. 2.1.4 Side Lobe A side lobe is a radiation lobe in any direction other than the main lobe [2]. Usually a side lobe is next to the main lobe and is in direction to the main lobe. 2.1.5 Back Lobe A back lobe is a radiation lobe whose axis makes an angle of approximately 180 ° with respect to the beam of an antenna or that is directed away from the main lobe [2]. File:Typical Antenna Pattern.jpg Figure 2.2: An illustration of major and minor lobes of radiation pattern 2.2 Field Regions The antenna fields are divided into three regions Reactive near field Radiating near field (Fresnel) Far field (Fraunhofer) http://www.nearfield.com/images/theory-ffdist.jpg Figure 2.3: Figure of Near Field and Far Field Regions 2.2.1 Reactive Near Filed It is the region immediately around the antenna. In this region the reactive filed predominates. The distance of this filed with antenna is usually R 2.2.2 Radiating Near Field (Fresnel) Radiating near filed is defines as that region of the field of an antenna between the reactive near-filed and the far-filed region wherein radiation fields predominate and wherein the angular field distribution is dependent upon the distance from the antenna [2]. The distance of inner boundary is R 2.2.3 Far Field Region (Fraunhofer) Far Field region is defined as that region of the field of an antenna where the angular filed distribution is essentially independent of the distance from the antenna [2]. 2.3 Radiation Intensity Radiation Intensity is the power radiated from an antenna per unit solid angle. It is the parameter of far field radiation. 2.4 Directivity Directivity is figure of merit for antennas. It is the power density an antenna radiates in direction of maximum radiation to the average power density radiated by an isotropic antenna. Directivity for an isotropic antenna is always unity. It is expressed as D= (2.2a) (2.2b) Where, D is directivity and U is radiation intensity, Uo is Intensity if an isotropic source and Prad is total radiation power. 2.5 Gain The gain and directivity of an antenna are closely related to each other. However for gain in denominator it is total power accepted by an antenna rather than total power radiated by an antenna. G= (2.3) Gain is dimensionless. According to IEEE standards, gain doesnt include losses arising from impedance mismatching or polarization mismatches. 2.6 Bandwidth The bandwidth is basically the difference or range between highest and lowest frequencies on which an antenna is operated. It is advantageous to have an antenna with high bandwidth. The bandwidth is expressed in term of ratio of upper cut off to the lower cutoff for broadband antennas. 2.7 Beamwidth Beamwidth is the angle usually measured in degrees; between the -3dB power radiated in the main lobe of radiation pattern. img383 Figure 2.4: Illustration of Beamwidth 2.8 Return Loss It is the amount of power that is reflected back in to the transmission line due to mismatching or any other error. It is the efficiency of power delivered to the load from the transmission line. Mathematical representation of Return loss is RL = 10log (2.4) Return loss is measured in dB. http://www.mwrf.com/Files/30/11240/Figure_05.gif Figure 2.5: Return Loss 2.9 Polarization Polarization is defined as point of reference of the electric field of the wave radiated by the antenna. It is categorized in three types: Linear Circular Elliptical 2.9.1 Linear Polarization When there is zero phase difference between x and y component of a wave then polarization is called linear polarization. Linear polarization is further divided into Horizontal polarization Vertical polarization http://www.ccrs.nrcan.gc.ca/glossary/images/3104.gif Figure 2.6: Linear Polarization 2.9.1.1 Horizontal Polarization Horizontal polarization is the one in which wave propagates in x-direction and there is no propagation along y direction. A horizontally polarized wave is explained as a function of time T and E-field position Ex = E1 sin ( É ·t à ¡Ã‚ µÃ‚ z) (2.5) http://www.cfht.hawaii.edu/~manset/PolHoriz.gif Figure 2.7: Horizontal Polarization 2.9.1.2 Vertical Polarization Vertical polarization is the one in which wave propagates in y-direction and there is no propagation along x direction. It can be written in mathematical form as Ey = E2 sin ( É ·t à ¡Ã‚ µÃ‚ z) (2.6) http://www.cfht.hawaii.edu/~manset/PolVert.gif Figure 2.8: Vertical Polarization 2.9.2 Circular Polarization If there is equal phase difference between two waves then there is circular polarization, either clockwise or anticlockwise. Wave moving in clockwise rotation is said to be left circularly polarized and the one propagating in counterclockwise rotation is right circularly polarized. Mathematically it is defined as Ex = E1 sin (É ·t à ¡Ã‚ µÃ‚ z) (2.7) Ey = E2 sin (É ·t à ¡Ã‚ µÃ‚ z + ÃŽÂ ´) (2.8) E1 is the amplitude of wave linearly polarized in x direction. E2 is the amplitude of wave linearly polarized in y direction. ÃŽÂ ´ is the phase difference. http://www.cfht.hawaii.edu/~manset/PolCirc.gif Figure 2.9: Circular Polarization 2.9.3 Elliptical Polarization If two waves have unequal amplitude or phase then there is elliptical polarization. graphic 1 Figure 2.10 (a): Graphical Representation of Elliptical Polarization http://www.nsm.buffalo.edu/~jochena/images/elliptic2.gif Figure 2.10 (b): 3-D view of Elliptical Polarization 2.10 Voltage Standing Ratio VSWR is the ratio between maximum voltage and the minimum voltage. If there is a difference between load impedance and input impedance then there occurs reflection which causes instructive interference and destructive interference. Instructive and destructive interference produces maximum and minimum amplitudes respectively. Mathematical Expression for VSWR is VSWR= (2.9) http://www.microwaves101.com/encyclopedia/images/VSWR/waves5.jpg Figure 2.11: Different Voltage amplitudes at different distances 2.11 Types of antennas There are six different types of antennas [2]. Microstrip Patch Antenna Lens Antenna Wire Antenna Array Antenna Reflector Antenna Aperture Antenna 2.11.1 Microstrip Patch Antenna Microstrip patch antennas fall into the category of printed antennas [4]. A radiating patch is printed on a grounded substrate which is usually feed via a transmission line or coaxial cable. Patch can be of any shape and size i.e. circular, square, triangular or rectangular. Amongst all printed antennas i.e. Dipole, Slots, Tapered Slots antennas; Microstrip Patch Antennas are most famous. They are small in size, light in weight and low power consuming. But their bandwidths are smaller and have low gain. They are easy to integrate, good radiation control and cost of production is low. To increase bandwidth many techniques are used that is introducing slots and slits etc. They are used commercially in radars, wireless communications, satellites and mobiles etc. Figure 2.12: Microstrip patch Antenna http://images.books24x7.com/bookimages/id_22121/fig188_01.jpg Figure 2.13 (a): Rectangular Patch Antenna (b): Circular Patch Antenna Microstrip Patch antennas are used in Microwave frequency range. They are used in arrays to increase the bandwidth and gain and for other purposes. http://www.antennamagus.com/database/antennas/99/Stacked_microstrip_patch_array-antenna_design.png Figure 2.14: Array of rectangular patch antennas 2.11.2 Lens Antenna Lens antennas are used to convert spherical radiated waves into plane waves in specific direction by using a source with microwave lens. It actually stops the divergent radiated energy to spread in undesired directions. These are mostly used for the high frequencies. A lens antenna may be of concave or convex shape. They are directional antennas and can scan wider angles. In comparison to reflectors; their gain is 1 or 2 dB less. Lens antennas may be constructed of non-metallic dielectrics or of metallic (artificial) dielectrics [5]. http://www.xibao-electronictech.com/images/product/2/210Lens-Antenna.gifhttp://telecom.esa.int/telecom/media/img/largeimage/WaveguideLensAntennaPrjObj_404.jpg Figure 2.15 (a): Lens Antenna Figure 2.15 (b): Wave guide Lens Antenna 2.11.3 Wire Antenna Wire antennas consist of a simple wire that is used to radiate electromagnetic energy. These wire antennas can be of different shapes. Most commonly used are straight wire antennas i.e. dipoles, loops and helix. Beside half-wave dipoles and quarter wave monopoles, wires of arbitrary lengths are often used to form antennas. Wire antennas can be vertical, horizontal or sloppy with respect to the ground. They may be fed from centre, at end or anywhere in between. The wires can be thick or thin, the radiation of antenna depends upon the thickness of the wire. Antennas with length larger than ÃŽÂ »/2 are called Long-wire antennas. Figure 2.16 (a): Wire Antennas (a) Figure 2.16 (b): Dipole Circular loop 2.11.4 Array Antenna Array antennas are made up of more than one element basic of which is a dipole. Array antennas are the combination of radiating elements in such way that the radiation from these add up giving maximum or minimum radiation in a specific direction. They are used for higher directivity. They are made up of helices, dishes and other antennas. These elements are arranged to form broadside, end fire, collinear, driven and patristic arrays [5]. They are used in applications in which radiation cannot be achieved from single radiating element. They are low weight and low cost antennas. Examples of array antennas are Yagi-Uda, http://www.tennadyne.com/images/tennlpdanavy.JPG Figure 2.17: Log Periodic Dipole Array Antenna 2.11.5 Reflector Antenna They are widely used to modify the radiation pattern of radiating elements. They are classified as active and passive reflectors. The active reflectors have corners made up of plane surfaces and they include periscopic antennas, flat-sheet reflectors and corner-reflector antennas. An active reflector may have corner elliptical, parabolic or spherical shape. Active reflectors include parabolic dish, truncated parabola, pill box etc. Reflectors are simple in design, involve only one surface and obey simple laws of optics. The applications of reflector antennas are radars and other point to point communication systems [5]. http://www.sameercal.org/images/reflector_antenna.jpg Figure 2.18: A co-secant Reflector Antenna 2.11.6 Aperture Antenna Aperture antenna is an important antenna for space communication. As the name suggests they consist of some cavity through which electromagnetic waves are transmitted or received. Apertures may be of any shape i.e. rectangular, circular or spherical. Larger the size of antenna larger will be the gain. Aperture antennas have to be placed carefully because they have narrow beam widths. Examples of aperture antennas include waveguides, reflectors horns, slots and lenses. Aperture antennas are commonly used in aircraft and spacecraft applications. http://www.analyzemath.com/antenna_tutorials/introduction_3.gif Figure 2.18: Horn Aperture Antenna Chapter 3 Microstrip Patch Antenna and Feeding techniques 3.1 Introduction Spaceships, aircrafts and other military applications such as missiles where important constraints to consider are performance, manufacturing expenditures, smooth profile and ease of installation and now a days other systems such as wireless communication requires similar type of specifications to consider . And the basic component which is required by these listed applications for transmission of instructions or data and to receive these instructions on the receiver end is antenna. Hence to meet the requirements listed above e.g. smooth profile, cost and performance etc Microstrip antennas are used. Microstrip antennas are diminutive profile, conformable to planar and non-planar surfaces, easy and cheap to construct using the up to date printed circuit technology. Microstrip antennas have very flexible behavior to polarization, resonant-frequency, and impedance and radiation pattern. They are also used to increase the bandwidth. They consist of a ground plane over which a substrate is mounted and the radiating patch is mounted on the substrate. Generally the ground plane and the dielectric substrate have equal length and width. The Microstrip antennas are illustrated by the width, length and the height of the dielectric substrate which is sandwiched in between the ground plane and the radiating patch 3.2 Structural Configuration The structural configuration of micro strip patch antenna is shown in figure Figure 3.1: Structural Configuration of Patch Antenna It consist of a thin (t Figure 3.2: Side View of Patch Antenna The length of the patch is usually ÃŽÂ »/3 3.3 Formula for Rectangular Patch Antenna To draw the width of the patch we use the formula (3.1) And the length of the patch can be drawn as: (3.2) To reduce the fringing effects we use the following formula à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  L= 0.412h (3.3) Here à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  L is the trimmed length from antenna. (3.4) 3.4 Feeding Methods Following feeding methods are most popular and are used with microstrip antennas 1. Microstrip line feed 2. Coaxial probe feed 3. Aperture coupled feed 4. Proximity coupled feed 5. Coplanar waveguide feed These methods are either contacting or non-contacting. Contacting methods are those in which there is a direct contact between the transmission line and the radiating surface whereas in non-contacting methods, electromagnetic field coupling method is used to transfer the power. 3.4.1 Microstrip Line Feed In this feeding method, the line feed is conducting strip of small width as compared to the patch. It is the easiest feeding method; easy to fabricate and simple to model. The radiating strip is placed at radiating patchs edge and it is of the same material that is used for patch. If length of the strip is greater than the wavelength, losses will be generated. It can be reduced if the strip line has a substrate with high dielectric constant and low weight, so that the fields are confined to the strip line. A line feed of dimensions 17x3mm is used to obtain 50ÃŽÂ © input resistance. Figure 3.1: Patch with Microstrip Line Feed 3.4.2 Coaxial probe feed In coaxial probe feeds, coax inner conductor is attached to the radiating patch while the other conductor is connected to the ground plane. It is used widely. Its fabrication is easy and has low spurious radiation that is radiation outside the band frequency. It is has narrow bandwidth and it is hard to model for thick substrate. Matching also becomes difficult for thicker substrate because of increase length of probe make it more inductive, its inductance effect can be reduced by using a series of capacitors. Figure 3.2: Patch with coaxial probe feed 3.4.3 Aperture coupling feed It is the non-contacting feed. The two substrates are separated by ground plane in it. The microstrip feed line is on the bottom side of the lower substrate there is a; whose energy is coupled to the patch through a slot on the ground plane which separates the two substrates. A material with higher dielectricity is used for bottom substrate therefore, by this arrangement independent optimization of the feed mechanism and the radiating element can be carried out. For top substrate a thick, low dielectric constant material is used. The ground plane between the two substrates isolates the feed from the radiating element and minimizes the interference. The configuration is shown in the figure Figure 3.3: Patch with aperture coupling feed Matching is performed by controlling the width of the feed line and the length of the slot. Amongst all four techniques this is the hardest to fabricate and has narrow bandwidth. It is somehow easy to model and has moderate spurious radiation. 3.4.4 Proximity coupling feed In this feeding method, microstrip line is placed between two substrates and the radiating patch is placed on the upper substrate. This coupling is capacitive in nature. This coupling has the largest bandwidth as high as 13%. It is easy to model and has low spurious radiation. Its fabrication is somehow difficult. However, length of the stub help in improving the bandwidth, and width-to-line ratio of the patch can be used to control the match. The coupling feed is shown Figure 3.4: Patch with Proximity Coupling Feed 3.4.5 Coplanar Waveguide Feed This feeding technique is used when patch antenna is used in microwave monolithic integrated circuits (MMIC). The coplanar feed is fabricated on a ground plane and coupling is achieved through a slot. This feeding method reduces the radiation from feed structure because of its unusual method of coupled slot. Since CPW (coplanar waveguide) has many advantages such as low radiation leakage, less dispersion and small mutual coupling between two adjacent lines, which is helpful to place circuit elements close together without adding an additional layer of substrate, using CPW as the feeding structure to excite the patch antenna through a slot has become very popular recently. In addition, CPW structure can maintain constant characteristic impedance while varying its geometry, which provides a better impedance matching possibility Figure 3.5: Patch with Coplanar Waveguide Feed 3.3 Categorization on the basis of bandwidth:- On the basis of range of frequency bands, microstrip patch antennas can be categorized into three main classes which are: antenna for narrow band applications antenna for wide band applications antenna for ultra wideband applications Chapter 4 ULTRA WIDEBAND 4.1 Introduction A series of very short baseband pulses with time duration in nano-seconds that exist on ALL frequencies simultaneously. Pulse repetition frequency (PRF) can range from hundreds of thousands to billions of pulses/second. Very low power: 41dbm/MHz (FCC) and wide bandwidth: 3.110.6 GHz Modulation techniques include pulse-position modulation binary phase-shift keying And others Radio technology that modulates impulse based waveforms instead of continuous carrier waves 4.1.1 Narrow band vs. Wide band signals UWB could be used to Indoor, short-range communications for high data rates, OR Outdoor, long-range, but for very low data rates 4.1.2 Large Relative Bandwidth UWB is a form of extremely wide spread spectrum where RF energy is spread over gigahertz of spectrum. Wider than any narrowband system by orders of magnitude. Power seen by a narrowband system is a fraction of the total.UWB signals can be designed to look like imperceptible random noise to conventional radios 4.1.3 Large Fractional Bandwidth Large fractional bandwidth leads to High processing gain and Multipath resolution and low signal fading. Fractional Bandwidth is the ratio of signal bandwidth (10 dB) to center frequency: Bf = B / FC = 2(Fh-Fl) / (Fh+Fl) 4.1.4 Scalable Technology with Low Power UWB benefits from basic information theory results when: Signal Bandwidth >> Data Rate .Power efficient low-order modulation can be used even for relatively high data rates.Data rates can scale independent of PRF by integrating bit intervals over multiple pulse intervals 4.1.5 Multipath Performance Ultra-wide bandwidth provides robust performance in multipath environments . 4.1.6 UWB Data Rates 4.2 UWB channels Indoor Within a room (LOS NLOS) Investigates the impact of Distance Rx/Tx antenna heights Antenna polarization C:mat_dirsuwblimitsindoor5.tif UWB Emission Limit for Indoor Systems Outdoor Campus environment Low altitude Mobility C:mat_dirsuwblimitsoutdoor5.tif UWB Emission Limit for Outdoor Hand-held Systems 4.3 Emission limits for UWB UWB Emission Limits for GPRs, Wall Imaging, Medical Imaging Systems. Operation is limited to law enforcement, fire and rescue organizations, scientific research institutions, commercial mining companies, and construction companies. UWB Emission Limits for Thru-wall Imaging Surveillance Systems 4.4 Features of UWB :- Ultra-short pulses Baseband transmission Low duty

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Adams E,et al., (2003). Food insecurity is associated with increased risk of obesity in California women. Journal of Nutrition. Arimond, M. and Ruel, M.T., (2004). Dietary diversity is associated with child nutritional status: Evidence from 11 demographic and health surveys. Washington. International Food Policy Research Institute. Cook J., (2002). Clinical implications of household food security: definitions, monitoring, andpolicy. Nutritional Clinic Care. 2002. Brown, L, R., (2004). World food security deteriorating: Food crunch in 2005 now likely. Earth Policy Institute, Washington, DC, USA. Deb, K., Nageswara Rao, Y. Mohan Rao and Slater R., (2002). Diversification and Livelihood Options: A Study of Two Villages in Andhra Pradesh, India. Debebe Habtewold, (1995). Food Security: A Brief Review of Concepts and Indicators. Food Security, Nutrition and Poverty Alleviation in Ethiopia: Problems and Prospects. Proceedings of the Inaugural and First Annual Conference of the Agricultural Economics Society of Ethiopia, DFID, (1999). Sustainable livelihoods guidance sheets. London. UK: Department for International Development (DFID). Ellis, F., (2000). Rural Livelihoods and Diversity in Developing Countries. Oxford University Press. FAO, (1996). Rome Declaration on World Food Security and World Food Summit Plan of Action. World Food Summit 13-17 November 1996, Rome. FAO, (2003). Food Security in Complex Emergencies: building policy frameworks to address longer-term programming challenges. Tivoli, 23-25 September 2003 FAO, (2008). The state of food insecurity in the world 2008. Rome 2008 FAO, (2009). Global agriculture towards 2050. Rome 12-13 October 2009 FAO, (2010). The State of Food Insecurity in the world: Addressin... ...isconsin, Madison. Wiesmann, Doris, Bassett L, Benson T. and Hoddinott J. (2009), Validation of the World Food Program’s Food Consumption Score and Alternative Indicators of Household Food Security, International Food Policy Research Institute Discussion. Paper 870, Washington DC. Wooldridge, J. M., (2002). Econometric analysis of cross section and panel data. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press World Bank, (1986).Poverty and Hunger: Issues and Options for Food Security in Developing Countries. A World Bank Policy Study. Washington, D.C. World Bank, (2006)a. Poverty and Hunger: Issues and Options for Food Security in Developing Countries. World Bank, Washington, DC. Young H, Jaspars S, Brown R, Frize J, and Khogali H., (2001). Food security assessments inemergencies: Livelihood approaches. Humanitarian. Network Project (HPN), Overseas Development Institute, London.

Creating a Computer Program in the C Language about Super Smash Brothers Melee :: Biophysics Programming Gamecube

Super Smash Bros. Melee At first I had absolutely NO idea what to do for my biophysics final project. I wanted to make my program at least slightly interesting and this summer program is practically full of gamers. I decided to benefit my peers and myself by making my final project a program revolving around the Nintendo Gamecube game, Super Smash Bros. Melee. Before I wrote my program I needed the statistics of the win percentages of computers when they play a specific character. Both computer players have one life and both of them are at level 9 difficulty, the highest level difficulty in the game. I chose the map called â€Å"Final Destination† because random maps, although they create less bias, made the battle between two characters most of the time 50/50. I had the two computers fight for about twenty or thirty games to get statistically significant evidence for the win percentages of a computer character versus another. My program calculates the number of games needed to play to collect enough coins to collect a certain goal of trophies. Super Smash Bros. Melee uses a slot machine system for players to put coins in to have a chance to receive a new or old trophy. My program, however, can not actually be utilized to calculate anything in the game, for I had to add some tweaks to my program to make it more interesting for the viewers. The tweak I added was whenever the computer you were â€Å"betting on† won, you would win 5 coins, and whenever the computer lost, you would win 0 coins. That is not true in the real game, because two level 9 computers facing off would only get 1/10th of a coin each game. Each character in Super Smash Bros. Melee is numbered off in alphabetical order so I could input the win percentages between two computers. There are 25 playable characters in the game, but with the allotted time given, I had no time to test over 300 different combinations of characters (25x25 matrix) in one weekend. Instead of testing all twenty five characters, I tested five of them(which is still a lot of testing!). My program inputs are: 1) Character # whom you are betting on 2) Character # whom your character is battling 3) Starting Number of Trophies 4) Desired Number of Trophies(max 242)

Salem Witch Trials Essay -- Essays Papers

Salem Witch Trials The Salem Witch Trials was probably considered the darkest time for the New England Colony. This was a mass murder of women and a few men that were supposed witches. All of this started from two little girls and a bacteria in the bread that affected the brain. This all started on January 20,1692 when nine-year-old Elizabeth Parris and eleven-year-old Abigail Williams started to exhibit strange behavior. Blasphemous screaming, Seizures, Trance-like states and Mysterious spells. After this was noticed other young girls from around Salem began acting the same way. By February No one was able to find any physical causes that could explain why this was happening. So when no physical ailment was determined the physicians they determined that the girls were under the influence of Satan. Reverend Samuel Parris held prayer Services and fasting in hopes of relieving the evil forces that plagued them. In an effort to expose Witches John Indian baked a witch cake made with rye meal and the affected girls’ urine. This was, in theory, to be a counter-magic to reveal the identities of the witches to the affected girls. Under pressure to identify the sources of affliction, the girls’ named three women Tituba, Parris’ Carib Indian slave, Sarah Good and Sarah Osborne. On the 29 of February arrest warrants went out and the women were arrested. On March 1 magistrates John Hothorne and Jonathan Corwin examined them. Osborne and Good maintained their innocence while Tituba confessed that she saw the devil in the forms of a hog and dog. Yet the thing that started the whole witch-hunt was the comment that she made saying that there was a conspiracy of witches at work in Salem. Over the following months towns folk ca... ...e yet on the 25 of November a Superior Court was founded to finish off the last few witch trails and clear this subject. All those in these trials were proven innocent and released thus ending the Salem Witch Trials. Though the Trials ended in Salem the fire was spreading all over the New England states and thus the trials and deaths went on till those too died down. Yet even after that, the idea of witches never died as they are still with us today and they are most predominate in Salem, where it all began. Works Cited Salem Witch Trials Chronology, Salem Offices of Tourism and Cultural Affairs available at http://www.salemweb.com/memorialAccessed March 1,1999 Salem Witch Trials, Salem Witch Museum, available at http://salemwitchmuseum.com/learn2.html Levack, Brian P. Witchcraft in Colonial America. New York, Garlend Pub., 1992

Edgar Allen Poe’s The Fall of the House of Usher Essay

The Gothic tradition has played a central role in creating architecture, poetry, literature, film and even art, such as Henry Fuselis’ 1781 painting, â€Å"The Nightmare†. Oscar Wilde borrowed heavily from the gothic tradition when creating his 1890s novel, â€Å"The Picture of Dorian Gray† and in this essay I am going to be looking at certain gothic sections of Oscar Wildes’ novel where he utilizes the fundamental aspects of the Gothic tradition. I will be looking into â€Å"The Picture of Dorian Gray† and how Wilde plays on the horror, the horrific, the suspense and the supernatural that all contribute to a Gothic mood. The term Gothic commands a vast semantic field of varied terrain; a range of meanings, definitions and associations. It is therefore very hard to define because it covers such a broad portfolio of different aspects. Historically the Goths were one of the several Germanic tribes who were one of the peoples who freed Europe from the clutches of the Roman Empire, culminating in its collapse in 476 AD. History itself has manipulated the term Gothic to be associated with the idea of freedom. One of the reasons the Gothic genre is so arduous to define is that it is constantly evolving and so after being associated with freedom it began to be linked with dreams. The rigid hierarchy of the Victorian era meant that the only place you could explore true freedom was in your dreams. And so again the idea evolved once more to nightmares where you could explore the dark side of human nature. The Gothic novel first became popular in England during the late 1700s and the early 1800s. At the end of the eighteenth century, England found itself in the midst of a social upheaval and it was out of this that the gothic genre emerged. The Gothic novel was invented almost single handledly by Horace Walpole, whose 1764 novel â€Å"The Castle of Otranto† contains essentially all the elements that constitute the genre. Walpole’s novel was imitated not only in the 18th century and not only in novel form but also in poetry, art and even later films. Poe’s, 1839, novel â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher†, also possesses the innate features of the Gothic tale: a haunted house, dreary landscape, mysterious sickness and doubled personality (which will be discussed in a later paragraph). A mysterious family or past is a very popular theme throughout the Gothic genre and this is clearly evident in â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher†, where Poe likens the house to the genetic family line of the Usher family, which he refers to as the house of Usher. In the novel the building is described as â€Å"neglected†¦crumbling†¦old†¦discoloured1† which refers not only to the mansion itself but is a potent metaphor for the Usher family itself. Furthermore in â€Å"The Picture of Dorian Gray† we see that Dorian’s past is exactly this. His typical Gothic family history includes duels to the death, suicide, young brides and romantic marriages. This also shows the obvious link between the Romantic Movement and the Gothic. One could say that the Gothic genre is Romanticism gone wrong. For example they both have castles but in the Gothic the castles tend to be derelict or haunted and, damsels in distress are seen in both genres as well. Throughout the Victorian era women were thought of as always being virtuous even though the expected behaviour of a husband was the complete opposite. The Gothic genre was an escape from reality and so in the genre emerged the controversial use of women not as pure, chaste people but as monsters and seductresses. Such examples of this could be the tragic death of Dorian Gray’s lover, Sibyl Vain: â€Å"she had swallowed something†¦some dreadful thing they use at theatres†¦either prussic acid or white lead†¦2† The girl’s death is typically gothic through the sheer horrifying nature of the death, swallowing acid, and highlights the waste of tangible life. In addition the women at the opium den is primal gothic, where she asks James Vain: â€Å"why didn’t you kill him [Dorian Gray]3†, which is a horrific question in itself. It is said that she: â€Å"hissed out† these words, which is a potent onomatopoeia, as if she is a snake; a typically frightening and monstrous creature to some. Also her face is described as â€Å"haggard4†, and is perhaps used by Wilde as if to liken her to a witch, only adds to the gothic aura. When James Vain looks back: â€Å"the women had vanished5†, making the women seem in a way, supernatural, another crucial theme in a gothic piece of literature. This was very effective to the Victoria audience as it was totally out of the normal and something that many would never dream of seeing. Furthermore writers in the Victorian era used many contempory issues as a basis of their works in order to bring the horror more to life. In Robert Louis Stevenson’s â€Å"Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde†, the horrific murder of Sir Carew was linked to the similar murders by the infamous Jack the Ripper. This theme is very common, and recurrent in many gothic art forms. In Francis Ford Coppola’s, 1992 film, â€Å"Bram Stoker’s Dracula† Lucy after being bitten by Dracula, starts to become mysteriously sick and evil. Soon after there is a scene where she is about to feed on a baby, demonstrating how the damsel in distress has became evil. Women in Dracula are made into characters to fear rather than the embodiment of purity and goodness. Damsels in distress are also in Poe’s story where Roderick’s sister, Madeline is entombed before she has actually died. This idea is evident in â€Å"The Picture of Dorian Gray† as well, where the damsel is Sibyl Vane who dies early on in the novel however one could also say that Basil, the artist who painted the portrait, is the damsel in distress too. The Gothic genre allowed you to escape from reality, to explore freedom elsewhere and in â€Å"The Picture of Dorian Gray† Dorian tries to find a freedom that takes him away from his reality and his ever-growing sins. The opium dens offer him this release from his memory which are depicted â€Å"like a horrible malady, [that] was eating his soul away6†. This is proven by the fact that Dorian Gray flees to one of these dens, after murdering Basil Hallward; to presumably forget about the awfulness of his actions by losing conciseness in a drug induced languor. The dens located in the most derelict sites of London, maybe represent the squalid state of Dorian Gray’s mind and the actual dens described with words as: â€Å"tattered†¦dulled†¦distorted†¦greasy†¦ochre-coloured saw dust†¦spilt liquor7†, perhaps reflect his mortification of his soul. Drugs seem to give a new tempry freedom for Dorian to experience. Drugs seem to give a freedom which is what the Gothic represents in its entirety. One of the elements of the Gothic is the horrific and this is very vividly brought to life in â€Å"The Picture of Dorian Gray† where Sible Vane kills herself with prussic acid and also when Alan Campbell graphically destroys Basil Hallward body in Dorian’s attic which is almost like Mary Shelley’s Gothic novel, â€Å"Frankenstein† reversed. The main idea of a Gothic novel was the frightening and so in Wilde’s novel this is used frequently. The use of far off lands terrifying to the Victorian audience, is a key effect, and one relating to the original idea of the Gothic, although the Victorian Gothic novel found little need for ruins, rugged landscapes and derelict castles, the new landscape was the city as a source for menace and the dark. For example on Dorian’s way to the opium dens one day Wilde describes the route with prime Gothic vocabulary: â€Å"dimly-lit streets, past gaunt black-shadowed archways and evil-looking houses†¦ grotesque children†¦monstrous apes8.† For the upper classes reading the book, would never have been to the dark east end of London so they were left feeling as though they were in some desolate wild place. Another effect Wilde utilizes to scare the audience is how he likens inanimate objects to living things such as when he describes shadows as if they were alive. For example the way that Wilde likens shadows to living things: â€Å"†¦fantastic shadows were silhouetted against some lamp-lit blind†¦ they moved like monstrous marionettes, and made gestures like living things9.† Wilde is also able to make shadows frightening, by personifying the darkness: â€Å"the evening darkened in the room. Noiselessly, and with silver feet, the shadows crept in from the garden. The colours faded wearily out of things10†. From these extracts Wilde creates a typical Gothic mood that is dark and scary. There are some sections of Wilde’s book that seem as though they are describing certain Gothic works of art namely Henry Fusel’s, 1781, â€Å"The Nightmare† where he exploits all the original Gothic traits into a painting showing a women lying on a bed with a grotesque creature on her chest. Also it has many shadows and an ere horse in the background. The picture has all the elements that make the Gothic genre: dark setting, full of shadows, odd creatures, a damsel in distress and the unnatural. The Gothic theme is also represented in the painting, â€Å"The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters† by Goya, 1799. They both have in the paintings a person sleeping and Gothic images around them suggesting that they are in the persons’ dreams. Double personalities, or doppelganger is used a lot among Gothic writers and is demonstrated in â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher†, with Roderick and Madeline, the mansion and the genetic Usher family and this element occurs also in â€Å"The Picture of Dorian Gray† with Dorian. In the novel the double personality is Dorian and his painting, Dorian representing the physical and the painting representing the â€Å"inside† or the soul of Dorian. However the theme is much more widely spread and is in other Gothic works such as Robert Louis Stevenson’s â€Å"Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde†. As in â€Å"Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde† where one character, transforms in to another, when Dorian Gray has the idea to kill Basil Hallward, his urge is described in the book as: â€Å"the mad passions of a hunted animal [that] stirred within him11†. This particularly animalistic description, perhaps serves to highlight the gothic genre even more by making a comparison between animals, that are not restricted in society to act in a certain way, and are thus free to act as they please. By stark contrast, Dorian Gray as a human is restricted to act in a certain way, that is considered morally correct. His act of killing, in human society is considered as a sin. The supernatural is key in increasing the horror of a gothic novel, such as the fact that Dracula does not have reflection in the mirror. In addition when Harker describes how Dracula left the castle: â€Å"†¦I saw the whole man slowly emerge from the window and began to crawl down the castle wall†¦12† from this extract we can see that Dracula is a supernatural character as his actions are unexplainable. However the supernatural theme running through the book, reaches a dramatic zenith with Dorian’s end. His fatal error is absolutely supernatural with the description of the unrecognisable wrinkly old man where there had recently been a vibrant youth adding to both the awful moral and supernatural effect of the novel. Above all the most gothic and supernatural thing in the book is the portrait of Dorian Gray himself. The painting acts as a guidance to Dorian and almost becomes a moral barometer. After murdering Basil Hallward, the portrait reveals the sin by changing. The portrait is described as a canvas that had: â€Å"sweated blood13†, a blood that is expressed as a: â€Å"loathsome red dew that gleamed14†. Dorian grows increasingly uncomfortable over the course of novel with what the disfigured portrait signifies about himself. And as the novel progresses and the painting continues to register the effects of time and dissipation, and we start to see the degree to which Dorian is undone by the sins that his portrait reflects and the degree to which he suffers for allowing the painting to act as a â€Å"Visible emblem of conscience†. This in itself is a very gothic idea living a life without consequences and letting the portrait bear the sins and this is exactly what Dorian did until his sins caught up with him. The Victorian era was very difficult to live in because of its rigid structured social hierarchy that allowed no â€Å"impurities† or non ethnical or righteous ideas. However the Gothic genre allowed you to do all these things and to explore irrational fantasies and social taboos. This is probably why Wilde liked the genre because being a homosexual he could not explore his own freedom in his own life but instead he possibly explored this through the homoerotic theme of novel. He managed to escape and explore another freedom through the gothic genre. â€Å"The Picture of Dorian Gray† is not an entire gothic novel but a fair amount is and I think that with the gothic sections Wilde has successfully created a primo piece of Gothic literature. 1 The Picture of Dorian Gray, By Oscar Wilde, Published by Penguin.

Women Police Officers

Women faithfulness force officers is a developing country of battle plainly like many occupations women attain undertaken. Today we atomic number 18 realizing the rewards of having both effeminate and mannish officers pastureing together. However, it took epoch for this sentiment to progress.The addition of women police officers has achieved diverse reactions from the man and police officers alike. I depart explore the development and motive for women police officers for an effective police incision, inclusion of young-bearing(prenominal) police officers should be carried out to go through a more than(prenominal) diverse police culture.Women began working in justice enforcement as matrons. Their work often fell on the lines of social work duties working in the main with women and children often hired by incisions after(prenominal) being widowed from a gent officer.Women struggle for recognition and advancement in police departments, for example the scr atch verbalise feminine police officer, Lola Baldwin, from Portland Oregon. Her job duties were mostly of a social work nature, protect young women working at the Lewis and Clark centennial Ex stick in 1905. Fortunately, her success in this task led to her swearing in as an officer with the power to con prevail engenders in 1908.Following suit, in 1910, the Los Angeles police force of nature part swore in Alice Wells as the countrys first policewoman. In 1912 the Los Angeles County Sheriffs Department swore in Marg bet Adams as the nations first effeminate deputy sheriff but her responsibilities typic each(prenominal)y bear on evidence processing.During the Great Depression and realism War II, approximately 1930-1940s, women progression in righteousness enforcement came to a halt do to having to directly compete with men for jobs. though they were able to continue to work in rectitude enforcement it was more in the keep going capacity with roles such as expel and ot her desk oriented duties.In the mid-fifties women in truth enforcement moved from throne the desk and out onto the streets with the male police officers. at that place ar many causes for this advancement tho most of the credit goes to the formation of the planetary Association of Women Police in 1956 and police departments change magnitude battle with prostitution and abominable drug sales in the 1960s. This naked as a jaybird war on drugs allowed for the expansion and need for more effeminate police officers to encourage with specialized operations.During the 1970s the presence of female officers in police departments became increasingly authentic by the general public because of the 1972, act VII of the Civil Rights Act was enforced outlawing gender discrimination in public agencies, including police departments, breaking the glass jacket to further expand opportunities for women in law enforcement, later establishing several law enforcement fellowship devoted to w omen.Over the last a couple of(prenominal) decades women police officers set about brought a preposterous face to policing. They have have intercoursed trials and struggles to be ack directledged and respected in the non-homogeneous levels of policing.Financial security and prestige are some of the reasons women join law eforement agencies. victorious up the altercate of being a cop and accomplishing it is a rewarding whimsy to women who are expected to fail in a male dominated field. across American states law enforcement agaencies have been impeach of using brutal force when traffic with suspects. Deployment of women in the police force allow reduce cases of use of force because women tend to scream suspected offenders in a human way.The American police department has prepared since its inception in 1657 in Union America. It has undergone structural changes as it works on acheieving its goal of citizen protection. Among the noniceable change is the bridal of women in the law enforcement agency. Women working for the American police department were only allowed to work in the office. Field matters were only odd to men. Women did not wear police supply like their male counter parts.The first police officer to join the American enforcement agency was Alice Stebbins Wells. She joined the police department in 1910. Before she joined law enforcement, Wells was a minister in Kansas, Alice petitioned the mayor of Los Angles to find her a position in the police department so that she could help in handing crime cases paltry on children and women.(women could only do what job)A debate has been raging on a motion to boost the number of women officers in different states police department. Women are break up than men in terms of discussion suspects. Women deal with many barbarian criminals just like men, respond wellspring to violent calls, defused crimes that were about to happen with the same expertise like male law enforcers.Women receive le ss complaints, accusations, involved in fewer shooting incidents than male counterparts.*According to Joseph Wambaugh, automobile trunk size and stamina could no long-lasting be used to determine ones efficiency to join and survive the law enforcement units. He further stressed that gone were the long time when interrogation on suspects cold be carried forcefully. Women are good at getting people to talk without using force. Hiring more women cops pass on reduce the number of apostrophize and lawsuits associaited with use of brutal force by male police officers. ((Crime & Center, 2005)Women deescalate tense federal agencys by treating suspects with respect. Having women who are know to handle suspects in a human way leave behind bridge the gap that exists between communities and law enforcement agencies because the suspect and their families feel more well-fixed cooperating with officials.Handling of violence against women incidents has been a challenge in law enforcement. Inclusion of more women will help how victims are handled.In conclusion, increasing the number of women in law enforcement agencies will also improe its tarnished image of policing department that uses brutal force when handing offenders. The community will view the police as all round law enforcement catering to the demand of both men and women. Incidents of brutality will greatly reduce since studies and real time situation have proved women handle suspects while considering the laid laws of dealing with offenders. The deliver the goods in male dominated field thus policing careers will not be an exception.The explanation of women in law enforcement continues to evolve as police departments discover that female officers bring particular gifts and abilities to the work. These advantages often overwhelm a less confrontational mien than that of their male partners, a lower likeliness of use of excessive force, the ability to function empathy and effectively diffuse difficul t situations especially domestic calls, and a larger field of awareness in stressful situations. feminine officers abilities often complement those of male officers, resulting in a tactical as well as an investigative advantage when male-female teams are deployed. These advantages, if leveraged, can only advance the ontogenesis of female service in law enforcement, and benefit the profession and those we serve and protect. on that point are many stories of women who helped shape our profession some are famous, others infamous, and still others are women whose stories are not widely known but are fascinating nonetheless. Further, thither are countless stories right now being written by the women law enforcers patrolling the streets across this great nation. What will your story be?Law enforcement as a career has been increasingly more pop for women in the recent years however the numbers have not increased greatly. In 2001 women accounted for only 12.7% of all imprecate law enfor cement positions in large agencies.It is a fact that women officers make less arrest than men officers however the arrest make by female officers tend to establish up develop in court. female officers do not appear to call in for support or care any more than their male counterparts. unless they have been found to be as capable as male officers dealing with violent or angry situations. license shows that because their appearance is less dangerous women officers have an advantage in dangerous situation resulting in avoiding injury to all parties involved.The borrowing of women on patrol seems to have been embraced better by the public than by males officers. effeminate officers have reported feeling of closing off and perceived hostilities from co workers have suggested as potential problems.Female officers are loose to the same environmental stressors as male police officers but are not viewed as competent and may experience role conflict and job uncertainty.

Disadvantages of Using Cell Phone in School Essay

Mobile phones enable children and parents to remain in touch.For me, not giving a phone is the personal best solution. Having a phone opens up the opportunity good for others to do bad things.We want to minimise the risk factors. Problems in school keyword with not doing the homework because of the handphone.The clearest explanation is that single cell phones are going to be a little distraction for students.Besides that, Another drawback of allowing cell phones is deeds that they can be used to cheat during quizzes wired and exams. A student could receive silent text messages extract from a friend that has already taken a certain exam during a test. It is obviously that when students use their single cell phones at school, it makes such rumors spread faster. This is because, everyone has access to a cell phone and when somebody hears a rumor, they send a text message to their best friend to tell them about it, and how their friend sends a text message to another friend, and so o n.

Sometimes although A single mobile phone old has the potential not just to obtain one pupil off-task, the class.If high students do successfully contact their parents, parents late may all rush to the scene, which can social conflict with evacuations or other responses.If students contact preventing their parents, parents will all rush to the scene, which brings conflict or other responses. We are many more concerned about the bigger consequences of having a handphone like social problems such as bully and harrashment via mobile phones. Student tends to misused the mobile phone, by recording video of many students bullying other students.When they are misused, they become hazardous.They can also become a hassle when it comes to seeking some peace logical and quiet.

It is a technology that is not missing letter from our lives.Almost everybody has a cell phone.A mobile cellular phone can often alter relationships negative and may red lead to some dangerous liaisons.These days, it is one of the issues in Afghanistan.

Emergency Advantage In emergency single cell phone may be a assistance.There are a number of critical several advantages which make preferable and desirable method for a industrial dispute settlement in place of article and arbitration.Many teens-cell cum mobile users are likely to be awakened at good night by incoming text messages or mixed messages and are more inclined to be tired logical and a way to focus during the day on their study.Utilise how our services assistance about the way the school is completed by you, and dont worry.