A Comparison of Piaget, Freud, and Erikson Essay Example For Students

A Comparison of Piaget, Freud, and Erikson Essay A Comparison of Piaget, Freud, and EriksonbyRandy HartenstinePsychology 1513-51Extra Credit PaperApril 8, 1999Hartenstine 1The field of psychology has grown to be respected as a science. Objectivity and the scientific method are both part of the psychologists mode of operation. However, even the greatest of psychologists can only theorize about what makes human beings act the way they do. Absolutes are not part of psychology. Everything is relative and open to speculation. Theorists give us their views or ideas about life. In the field of psychology, there have been many different areas of interest. Human development is one of the most popular areas of interest for those who study psychology. Freud, Erikson, and Piaget are all great theorists with different ideas concerning human development. Each theorist developed ideas and stages for human development. Their theories on human development had human beings passing through different stages. Each theory differed on what these stages w ere. These theories also differed with their respect towards paradigmatic assumptions, learning and development, and relationship towards educational practice. Freud is known as the father of psychology. Although some of his work has been dismissed, most of it still holds weight in the world of psychology today. Freud believed that inner forces fueled human development. He believed the most powerful of all inner forces was our sexual being. Freud linked everything with sex. This includes any bodily pleasure whatsoever. Thus, when Freud discusses the sexual needs of children, they are not the Hartenstine 2same kind of sexual needs that an adult would experience. Children experienced sexual gratification in different ways. Sucking their thumbs or retaining their excrement could be seen as sexual gratification for small children. Freud also specified certain areas of our body as erogenous zones. Those areas included the mouth and genitals. This all fit in to Freuds obsession with sex. An obsession that could be linked to the era that Freud lived in. It was a very conservative period in history. Sexual feelings were often repressed. Freuds theo ry on human development could be labeled the psychosexual stages of development. Freud believed human beings passed through different stages in their life based on which part of their body gratified them. Freuds psychosexual stages of development are five in total. The Oral stage takes place from birth to about one year. During this stage, a child is orally oriented. The mouth is the childs erogenous zone. Everything a child touches is put in his mouth. Freud believes children do this because it gives them pleasure. When a child sucks his thumb, it does so because it gratifies them. According to Freud, the gratification is sexual. The second stage in Freuds psychosexual development theory takes place between the ages of two and three years of age. The erogenous zone shifts location, thus moving from one stage to another. The second erogenous zone in Freuds stages of human development is the anal region. Freud believes childrenHartenstine 3experience sexual gratification during bowel movements and when they withhold bowel movements. Some children may even experience pleasure handling, looking at, or thinking about their own feces. Once the Anal stage of development has been completed, the next stage of development for Freud is the Phallic Stage. This usually occurs at about three years of age. The shift in erogenous zones moves from the anal region to the genital organs. This stage is also known as the Oedipal Stage of psychosexual development. This name comes from the legendary king, Oedipus, who killed his father and married his mother. During this stage, children take interest in their sexual organs. Soon they notice differences and similarities between themselves and their parents. Each sex wants to be with the parent of the other sex, for girls this is referred to as theelektra complex. Once the children realize they can not be with their mother or father, they identify with the parent of the same sex. The next stage is called the stage of Latency. A lack of change or absence of erogenous zones characterizes this stage. After the realization that the child can not be with a parent sexually, the child shifts its attention to same-sexed relationships. Boys will shift their sexual urges and drives to something acceptable, such as sports. This is a time of relative calm. The last stage of Freuds psychosexual development is the Genital Stage. The erogenous zone returns in a very powerfulHartenstine 4way in the genital organs. This stage takes place from puberty into adulthood. True sexual desire and sexual relationships mark this stage. Erikson took Freuds ideas and enhanced them. He added stages for the adult years. He also shifted his attention to identity rather than sexuality. Erikson developed the psychosocial stages of development. He is known for his eight stages of life. Eriksons first stage is during infancy. It deals with trust versus mistrust. The child develops an outlook on life and whether the world can be trusted or not. Th e child develops trust if the parents give the child something it can rely on. According to Erikson, the child develops a sense of optimism or pessimism during this stage. The next stage in Eriksons psychosocial development is during early childhood and is known as autonomy versus shame and doubt. The child becomes autonomous and realizes he can say yes or no. This stage will determine whether a child develops a sense of self-certainty. Eriksons next stage takes place during the ages of three to six years. This stage is marked by initiative versus guilt. This stage is important in developing the childs sense of enterprise. The child develops initiative when trying out new things and is not scared of failing. The fourth stage of Eriksons developmental theory takes place at about six years of age and lasts till puberty. This stage deals with industry Hartenstine 5 versus inferiority. The child learns skills of the culture and must deal with feelings of inferiority. Adolescence brings about the next stage for Erikson. This stage is known for identity versus identity confusion. During this stage, Erikson believes adolescents must develop a sense of self-awareness or knowing who they are. They develop a sense of identity. The sixth stage for Erikson is known for intimacy versus isolation. Who can forget the fires blazing over local buildi EssayHartenstine 9Work CitedCoon, Dennis. Introduction to Psychology: Exploration andApplication, 7th Edition. Minnesota: West PublishingCompany, 1995. Freud, Sigmund. The Basic Writings of Sigmund Freud. Brill, A. A.: Dodd, Mead and Company, Inc., July 1979. Piaget, Jean, et al. The Psychology of The Child. Berkeley andLos Angeles: University of California Press, Ltd., 1972.

Key stakeholders in Next clothing Essay Example

Key stakeholders in Next clothing Paper They are required to purchase the products and in turn provide customer loyalty. They are needed to come to the store again and again to keep the flow of business high for the company. Employees It is their duty to withhold the reputation of the store as it is their actions that people will remember upon leaving the store and they are required to make people want to return. They are expected to provide the highest quality service they can and keep customer satisfaction high. Suppliers They are expected to roved high quality products that are suitable to sell. They must meet deadlines for orders and the product must be correct otherwise the business will suffer. Owners It is their day to day running of the company that keep all aspects of the business flowing. They are expected to make sure every area Of the company is running at full potential and every employee is doing the right thing. Trade unions It is the trade unions role to make sure the employees are being treated fairly. They make sure the workers are protected and safe and are in fair and suitable working conditions. They also help the unemployed find jobs in the first place. We will write a custom essay sample on Key stakeholders in Next clothing specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Key stakeholders in Next clothing specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Key stakeholders in Next clothing specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Employer associations These are very similar to trade unions and are there to protect the right of the employees. Local communities It is very important to appeal to the local communities as they are a very important interest group that require pleasing. National communities They are the ones that must be impressed as it is their opinion that can make or break the company. They are responsible for the upkeep of your company through purchase and it is them who will ultimately decide whether or not your business fits their requirements. Governments It the government who will want the business to be successful as it can boost the economy and create jobs across the country. If the business is successful they can also pay large taxes which boosts the governments funds overall. They are also considered a vital part of the community and with their survival the local economies can thrive as well. Influence on organizations This is when the business needs to take into consideration the rest of their stakeholders when making changes to the business and must make sure there is not a negative effect on the business itself or the stakeholders.

Sample Evaluation Essay

Sample Evaluation EssayA sample evaluation essay can prove to be very helpful when it comes to helping you write an effective and impressive essay. If you're not sure how to write a good one, you can take a look at some of the sample essays that are available online and see what kind of styles and techniques are employed in order to help students to learn more about themselves and find out what their strengths and weaknesses are.What happens when you learn about the sample evaluation essay? Typically the sample essay is used to help a student's teacher to learn more about a student's strengths and weaknesses. When the teacher uses the information contained in the essay during class, he or she can use this information to help him or her better understand the student and be able to make a decision as to whether or not they will continue to work with the student.The essay is also used to help a student become a better writer and be able to better understand what they should write. Most often, teachers have problems when it comes to teaching students to properly express themselves when it comes to writing and expressing themselves. Teachers often find that the best way to approach students is to have them write a sample evaluation essay before the day begins.After the students have written a sample evaluation essay, they can take this information and use it as a basis for the essays that they are going to write on a regular basis. The first thing that you should do is take a look at the sample essay that you can find on the Internet. Now you need to turn this into a document that is going to be the basis for your essay and the beginning of your writing career. You should give the impression that you took the time to read the sample and use the information that was contained within it in order to form your own opinion about the topic.You should give the impression that you put a lot of thought into this and took the time to read through it carefully and that you fee l that you can speak from this and that you have an idea about how to handle the entire presentation. By doing this, you will be able to make yourself stand out from the other students and also make yourself look more competent than your competition.A common theme throughout all of the essays that are published online is how a person reacts to a particular situation. The students who get the best grades get the awards, so the grades are mostly based on the quality of the essays that they write. The essay is your method of showing your knowledge and skills about the subject.When you write an essay, you should always keep in mind that you're using this as your opportunity to show that you have a grasp on the subject and that you understand how you can effectively present it in an effective manner. By writing an essay, you will be showing that you are more than capable of providing students with an essay that they can use on a regular basis.To get started with writing your own evaluati on essay, simply take a look at the sample that you can find on the Internet and begin writing one. You will be surprised how much of an impact you can have on the coursework that students have to do.

Ten tips for high-impact documents - Emphasis

Ten tips for high-impact documents Ten tips for high-impact documents Start with the reader in mind Do they know much about the topic? Do they understand your jargon or acronyms? How important is this information to them? How interested are they in it? (Thats not the same thing.) Be sure of your core message before you start writing. Imagine you are going on TV for a three-minute interview. Could you sum up the value of your topic in three minutes? Write yourself a short statement (fewer than 30 words) that you could use as a memory aid to help you sell your topic to the interviewer. Try using it to clarify your thoughts on the issue while speaking to a trusted colleague. This will all help you keep the main message in mind when youre doing the writing itself. Be sure to make your beginning memorable If you dont grab your reader at the beginning of the document, you are wasting your time. Getting a reader started is the most difficult part of writing, but there are techniques you can use. Try starting with a surprise statement for instance, or contrasting how things were in the recent past with how they are now (in two or three sentences). Go out with a bang Good endings are almost as important as good beginnings. The last thing you want to do is leave the reader with the impression that youve just run out of things to say. Useful techniques are: looking to the future, repeating a major issue or summarising. But be careful with the last one: keep that summary to two or three sentences. Keep it short and simple Write to express, not to impress. (No flowery language.) Good ideas come across much better in plain English. That means: write the person or subject before the verb. The company received the order is better than The order was received by the company. Make your sentence structure logical Say what the sentence is about straight away, before you add extra information. Say whats happening, before you say why. Use graphics where possible We all learn in different ways. Some people like written explanations, while others are more visual and prefer graphics and illustrations. Pictures are therefore a great way of drawing visual people into your document. (Be careful with clip art, though.) So use a graph rather than a table of data, for example. Stick to two fonts Use one serif font (eg Times) for the body text and one sans serif font (eg Arial) for headings and subheadings. E-mail Limit messages to one screen and use attachments for longer messages. Find out more: About High-impact business writing. Call us or email to find out how we can help you improve your business writing.

An Analysis Into The Uk Food Retail Industry Marketing Essay

An Analysis Into The Uk Food Retail Industry Marketing Essay The analysis will begin with a presentation of the food retail industry and a highlight of its significant features. Furthermore, to assess the remote environment of the industry a PEST analysis will be conducted, analysing the political, economical, social and technological factors that affect the industry. Furthermore, a Porter’s 5 forces analysis will be used to evaluate the operating environment and the nature of competition. Moreover the major competitors and their competition strategies will be identified. Additionally, the effect of the remote and operating environment on the players of the industry will be highlighted. Also, a critical analysis of the industry’s strength and its future will be presented. Finally, a critical evaluation on the used business analysis techniques will be illustrated. 2 .Industry profile The UK food retail industry is an established sector of the UK economy. During the last thirty years the food retail corporations expanded their act ivities to serve various consumer needs. The products that are provided to the public include food and its sub-products, but also alcohol, tobacco, health and beauty products, clothing, electrical products, homeware, fuel and financial services. However, according to the Mintel report 2009, more than half of the total sales in 2008 were assigned to food. Furthermore, concerning the size of the industry an increasing trend of sales can be observed of about 4% per year from 2004 to 2008 and a total amount of 108.1 billion pounds in 2008 (National Statistics – Mintel report 2009). The food retail industry is mainly controlled by large supermarket chains that possess the overwhelming majority of the industry’s market share, as it will be analysed further in the report. Concerning the size diversification of the retail stores, the majority are large units like hypermarkets, supermarkets and discounters with a percentage of 62% of the total number of stores. Furthermore, sma ll units as convenience stores and gas stations represent the 21.2% and food and drink specialists the 11.3%. The minority are drug stores, warehouses and cash and carry stores (Datamonitor 2009). 3. PEST analysis Macro-environment To analyse the macro-environment or otherwise known remote environment of the food retail industry, a PEST analysis will be used to specify how Political and legal, Economical, Social and Technological issues affect the industry. 3.1 Political There are many political and legal factors that affect the food retail industry. Future political decisions concerning taxation or the retail industry legislation will definitely have an impact in the industry competitors’ policies and strategies. The current legislation and regulation concern competition, employment, environmental, food and grocery safety, financial services and health issues. Specifically, the UK food retailers are obliged to follow food hygiene legislation set by the Food Standards Agency and the equivalent European Union regulation such as the General Food Law Regulation. In the UK the food safety act of 1990 was enacted to set the food safety requirements for food intended for human consumption. The Food Standards Agency was created in 2000 after the food standards act of 1999, which was enacted to further secure the public health related to food safety (Office of Public Sector Information, 1999). The UK food retailers are obliged to follow the above regulations in conjunction with the General Food Regulations 2004 that set the rules about the transportation, distribution, quality, hygiene, maintenance, advertising and selling of food and its substances.

The Vertical Boundaries of the Firm Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Vertical Boundaries of the Firm - Essay Example â€Å"Total Quality Management is a wide management perspective that deals with processes and attitudes† (Delfmann & Thorsten, 2008). It emphasizes quality as a major objective in a manufacturing environment as opposed to traditional mode of maximizing production. It is worth noting that quality in production not only applies to manufacturing environment but also in knowledge service industries for instance universities. â€Å"Total quality management operates under the principles of continuous improvement of quality as opposed to maintenance of a static level† (Gattorna, 1998). It aims at approaching quality at an increasing scale. This is possible through training and motivation of employees so as to better quality. It is therefore paramount for the top management to state their commitment open to all employees. The advantage of the mode is that it has the ability to immediately detect and correct quality problems. It doesn’t rectify problems after occurrence. â€Å"Just in Time† is a philosophy in management that seeks to eliminate manufacturing wastes by producing right quantity at the right time and at the right place. Its main goal is to do away with non-value adding operations during production. Lean production or stockless production is a philosophy that aims at reducing inventory levels to an absolute minimum. Effectiveness of logistics performance index to transnational organisations in decision making. Relationship between logistics index and supply chain location selection.... It aims at approaching quality at an increasing scale. This is possible through training and motivation of employees so as to better quality. It is therefore paramount for the top management to state their commitment open to all employees. The advantage of the mode is that it has the ability to immediately detect and correct quality problems. It doesn’t rectify problems after occurrence. â€Å"Just in Time† is a philosophy in management that seeks to eliminate manufacturing wastes by producing right quantity at the right time and at the right place. Its main goal is to do away with non-value adding operations during production. Lean production or stockless production is a philosophy that aims at reducing inventory levels to an absolute minimum. Looking closely at the three aspects, Just in Time increases production, performance and quality in manufacturing industry. Lean, controls stock levels to avoid unnecessary production while Total Quality Management works towards good quality of products. The three aspects support each other in a manufacturing environment. â€Å"Toyota manufacturing industry adopted this principle which saw a reduction in manufacturing defects and parts storage problem† (ElMaraghy, 2012). Question 3 Rough plan Effectiveness of logistics performance index to transnational organisations in decision making Relationship between logistics index and supply chain location selection Management in transnational organisations is a challenging task especially in decisions making pertaining to supply chain. The use of logistics plays a crucial role in the success of supply chain. â€Å"Order execution is an imperative element

Heart Rate and Blood Pressure Responses to Warm Whirlpool Treatment Article

Heart Rate and Blood Pressure Responses to Warm Whirlpool Treatment - Article Example The human body in normal conditions has a temperature set point of 37 degrees Centigrade, which may get altered during the circadian rhythm, after sleep loss, during hypobaria, and subsequent to dehydration. The stability in temperature that the body maintains is achieved by maintaining a balance between the rate of heat production that occurs mainly through metabolism and rate of heat lost or gained from the environment. Normal rules of thermodynamics are involved in this transfer of heat from the body and to the body. Differences between the temperature the skin and the environment is the governing factor in the thermodynamics involved (Lloyd, 1994). The thermodynamics involved in the attempt of the body to maintain the setpoint temperature of 37 degrees Centigrade is responsible for the thermal stimulus on hemodynamics, and it is for this reason that causes Ishijima and Togawa, 1999, to maintain that bathing in hot water puts stress on the heart.  The human body in normal condit ions has a temperature set point of 37 degrees Centigrade, which may get altered during the circadian rhythm, after sleep loss, during hypobaria, and subsequent to dehydration. The stability in temperature that the body maintains is achieved by maintaining a balance between the rate of heat production that occurs mainly through metabolism and rate of heat lost or gained from the environment. Normal rules of thermodynamics are involved in this transfer of heat from the body and to the body. Differences between the temperature the skin and the environment is the governing factor in the thermodynamics involved (Lloyd, 1994). The thermodynamics involved in the attempt of the body to maintain the setpoint temperature of 37 degrees Centigrade is responsible for the thermal stimulus on hemodynamics, and it is for this reason that causes Ishijima and Togawa, 1999, to maintain that bathing in hot water puts stress on the heart.   According to Press, 1991, this stress on the heart originate s from the increased pressure from the water causing vasodilation, profuse perspiration leading to a decrease in the extracellular volume of blood, increase in hematocrit levels with shortened clotting times, and an increase in the consumption of oxygen, due to the conditions of the environment saunas, spas, and hot tub baths. This raises the possibility of cardiac arrests resulting in patients during their use of saunas, spas and hot water tubs, with particular emphasis on individuals with a history of cardiovascular problems (Press, 1991). Such an understanding of the hemodynamics associated with an individual in the environmental conditions of hot tub baths, has caused physicians to warn individuals with elevated blood pressure levels and cardiac problems on the possible risks they face in hot water baths (Shin, Wilson & Wilson, 2003). Nagasawa, et al, 2001, points out that there is the risk of sudden death from hot water baths as such deaths have been associated with bathing in hot water.   This study aims to answer the question of how heart rate and blood pressure changes during a full body warm whirlpool treatment. The purpose of the study is to observe changes in the heart rate and blood pressure that occur with a warm whirlpool treatment as against the heart rate and blood pressure at rest and hypothesize the reason why certain special populations are advised precautions in the use of warm whirlpool treatments or hot tub baths. The study revolves around the hypothesis that heart rate will increase with warm whirlpool treatment and there will be a decrease in blood pressure.